Diagnosis and tests for stomach cancer

Diagnosing stomach cancer relies on endoscopy and biopsy. Other tests then map how far the disease has spread. If you have persistent symptoms, asking for timely evaluation is reasonable.

Endoscopy (gastroscopy) A thin camera passed through the mouth examines the food pipe, stomach and first part of the small intestine. Any suspicious area is biopsied. This is the single most important test.

Biopsy and pathology Tissue samples confirm whether cancer is present, its type, and special markers. Tests such as HER2, mismatch repair and PD-L1 help select targeted therapy and immunotherapy.

Imaging for staging

• CT scan of the chest, abdomen and pelvis to look for spread
• Endoscopic ultrasound to measure how deep the tumor grows and check nearby lymph nodes
• PET-CT in selected cases
• Diagnostic laparoscopy before planned surgery, to check for hidden spread on the abdominal lining

Blood tests

• Complete blood count for anemia
• Liver and kidney function
• Tumor markers such as CEA and CA 19-9, which support but never replace biopsy

Screening In high-incidence countries, endoscopy screening is used. In India, screening is not routine, so persistent symptoms should trigger an endoscopy, especially after age 40 or with risk factors such as H. pylori or family history.

Pulse or dosha assessment cannot detect or rule out cancer. Only endoscopy and biopsy can.