What is ovarian cancer? (Introduction)

Ovarian cancer starts in the ovaries, the two small organs that make eggs and female hormones, or in the nearby fallopian tubes or lining of the abdomen. Many cases begin in the fallopian tube. It is less common than breast or cervical cancer, but it is often found late because early symptoms are vague.

Who is affected

It is most often diagnosed in women after menopause, usually over 50, but it can occur at younger ages. Women with a strong family history of ovarian or breast cancer, or with BRCA1, BRCA2 or Lynch syndrome gene changes, have a higher risk.

Why it is often found late

Early symptoms such as bloating, pelvic discomfort or feeling full quickly are easy to mistake for digestive problems. By the time cancer is found, it has often spread within the abdomen.

Treatment outlook

Treatment usually combines surgery and chemotherapy, and sometimes targeted medicines. Outcomes are better when it is found and treated early, and care at a centre with a gynaecological oncologist helps.

See a doctor if you have persistent bloating, pelvic or belly pain, feeling full after small meals, or urinary urgency that lasts more than two to three weeks, especially if it is new for you.

When to get help

Contact your gynaecologist or oncologist promptly if symptoms are new, persistent or worsening. Do not wait for them to settle on their own, and do not delay treatment for alternative therapies. Early assessment and a clear plan with your team give the best chance of good outcomes.