What is Goiter? (Introduction)

A goiter is an enlargement of the thyroid gland, the butterfly-shaped gland at the front of the neck that makes hormones controlling metabolism, heart rate and energy. A goiter is a sign that something is affecting the thyroid, not a disease by itself.

Size and feel

A goiter can be small and found only on a scan, or large enough to be seen or felt as a swelling at the front of the neck. It may be smooth (diffuse) or lumpy (nodular).

Thyroid function can be normal, low or high

• Normal function: many goiters cause no hormone problem
• Underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism): tiredness, weight gain, cold intolerance
• Overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism): weight loss, palpitations, sweating, tremor

Why it matters in India

Iodine deficiency has long been a leading cause, especially in hilly and flood-prone areas. Iodised salt has reduced it, but autoimmune thyroid disease and thyroid nodules are now common causes too.

Key points

• Most goiters are not cancer, but any new lump in the neck should be checked.
• Treatment depends on the cause, thyroid hormone levels and size.